Compound Heterozygosity for Two Novel SLC26A4 Mutations in a Large Iranian Pedigree with Pendred Syndrome

Article information

Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;6(4):201-208

Publication date (electronic) : 2013 November 29

doi : https://doi.org/10.3342/ceo.2013.6.4.201

Nasrin Yazdanpanahi ¹, Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar ²^,³, Effat Farrokhi ², Narges Abdian ², Nader Bagheri ², Shirin Shahbazi ², Zahra Noormohammadi ⁴, Morteza Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori ²

¹Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

²Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

³Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.

⁴Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Corresponding author: Morteza Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Tel: +98-381-3346692, Fax: +98-381-3330709, mchalesh@yahoo.com

Received 2012 August 03; Revised 2012 October 07; Accepted 2012 November 05.

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to detect the genetic cause of deafness in a large Iranian family. Due to the importance of SLC26A4 in causing hearing loss, information about the gene mutations can be beneficial in molecular detection and management of deaf patients.

Methods

We investigated the genetic etiology in a large consanguineous family with 9 deaf patients from Fars province of Iran with no GJB2 mutations. Initially, linkage analysis was performed by four DFNB4 short tandem repeat markers. The result showed linkage to DFNB4 locus. Following that, DNA sequencing of all 21 exons, their adjacent intronic sequences and the promoter of SLC26A4 was carried out for mutation detection.

Results

Two novel mutations (c.863-864insT and c.881-882delAC) were identified in exon 7 of the gene, in both homozygous and compound heterozygous state in patients.

Conclusion

Our results supported the importance of the SLC26A4 mutations in the etiology of hearing loss among the Iranian patients and therefore its mutation screening should be considered after GJB2 in the molecular diagnostics of hearing loss, especially when enlarged vestibular aqueduct or goiter is detected.

Keywords: Novel mutation; Compound heterozygosity; SLC26A4; Pendred syndrome; Hearing loss; Linkage analysis; Iran

INTRODUCTION

Up to now over 400 syndromic forms of hearing loss (HL) have been described [1]. Pendred syndrome (PS) (MIM#274600) is one of the most frequent types of syndromic HL, although it may remain underdiagnosed due to the late onset (usually after the second decade of life) and reduced penetrance of some of its common clinical features, especially the goiter. Over 90% of PS is caused by SLC26A4 mutations in different populations [2].

SLC26A4 has been known by Everett et al. [3] using positional cloning and mapped on 7q22-31.1. This gene produces a 5 Kb transcript and a 86 kDa protein with 780 amino acids, called pendrin, which is a member of solute carrier family 26A (SLC26A).

SLC26A4 mutations result in both PS and non syndromic HL (DFNB4; MIM#600791). These disorders have autosomal recessive inheritance [2,4]. Similar HL severity and inner ear malformations ranging from enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA), the most frequent radiological abnormality in sensorineural HL (SN-HL), to Mondini dysplasia (MD), a condition that normal cochlear spiral is 1.5 turns instead of 2.5 turns, are seen in both of them. EVA and MD are detectable with computed tomography (CT) [5]. The major difference between the two disorders is thyroid abnormality (goiter) which is observed to be segregating with PS [2]. To date, more than 200 mutations have been identified for SLC26A4 (http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/labs/pendredandbor/slcMutations.htm).

While GJB2 is responsible for up to half of autosomal recessive nonsyndromic HL (ARNSHL) in Mediterranean, most European and north American populations [6-8], this gene accounts for only 18.29% and/or 16.7% of Iranian families with HL [9, 10]. In contrast, SLC26A4 appears to have a more crucial role in the etiology of hearing impairment (HI) in Asian than non-Asian populations. About 7.2% of prelingual HL in Pakistan and 5% of this disease in east and south Asia happens due to SLC26A4 mutations [11,12]. Results of a former study suggest that SLC26A4 could be considered as the second cause of HI, after GJB2, in Iran [13].

In addition to frequency, the type of SLC26A4 mutations is also different among populations. While IVS7-2A>G and H723R are the most frequent SLC26A4 mutations in east Asia, R79X and R409H are more common in the Iranian HL population [13-15]. Epidemiological data regarding ethnic and population specificity of SLC26A4 mutations could be beneficial for diagnosis, clinical decision-making, family planning as well as designing cost-effective strategy for molecular testing.

In the present investigation, a large deaf Iranian kindred with 9 patients was subject to genetic linkage analysis and two novel mutations were identified.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects

The research was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. We studied a large consanguineous family Iranian 3 (IR3), including 9 patients with hereditary HL from Fars province of Iran, with no GJB2 mutation in our previous research [9]. There were four consanguinity loops in the pedigree: subjects III-1 and III-2, IV-3 and IV-4, IV-18 and IV-19, and individuals III-7 and III-8 had first cousin marriages (Fig. 1). We also recruited 100 healthy matched controls from the same ethnic background. Written informed consent was obtained from all the subjects or their parents.

Fig. 1

Pedigree and haplotypes of the family Iranian 3 (IR3). The order of markers is based on the Marshfield map. The homozygous haplotype of part A was different from that of part B of the pedigree. Variants c.881-882delAC and c.863-864insT were found in part A and B, respectively. Patient VI-1 had both haplotypes simultaneously which were later shown to carry c.881-882delAC and c.863-864insT mutations (compound heterozygosity).

Phenotype evaluation

Audiological testing

For measurement of hearing, all patients underwent pure tone audiometry (PTA) test for air conduction at a range of frequencies from 250 to 8,000 Hz. Audiogram results of all patients were defined using a PTA average at three frequencies (500, 1,000, 2,000 Hz): mild for 21-40 dB, moderate for 41-70 dB, severe for 71-95 dB and profound for >95 dB.

Thyroid phenotype testing

The phenotype of thyroid was investigated with evaluation of its structure, size and function, based on sex and age of patients. Ultrasonography with Sonoline G50 ultrasound system (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) was applied to identify thyroid size and structure for all patients. For functional analysis of thyroid in all patients, thyroid stimulated hormone (TSH), thyroxin (T₄), and triiodothyronine (T₃) levels were measured by means of a chemiluminescent immunoassay (Berthold Technology-CSA, Bad Wildbad, Germany).

CT scan of temporal bone

All patients except V-5 and V-2 underwent high resolution CT scan by Somatom Sensation Emotion 16-Slice Configuration (Siemens Medical Solutions) for examination of vestibular aqueduct. EVA was defined as the diameter at the midway between the common crus and the external aperture being equal or more than 1.5 mm [16].

Molecular studies

DNA extraction

Genomic DNA for all available members of the pedigree as well as 100 ethnically matched normal control persons was prepared from 500 µL of peripheral blood by a standard phenol chloroform protocol [17]. For evaluation of quantity and quality of extracted DNA, spectrophotometry (UNICO 2100, West Springfield, MA, USA) and agarose gel electrophoresis were carried out according to routine methods.

Slink calculation, DFNB4 STR marker genotyping and linkage analysis

Selection of four short tandem repeat (STR) markers (D7S2456, D7S2459, D7S496, and D7S2420) and their primers were based on their physical distance, available at NCBI UniSTS and NCBI map viewer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview).

Slink value was obtained by FastSlink ver. 2.51 option of Easy-Linkage ver. 5.05 [18]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of STR markers was performed as follow: 1 µL of MgCl₂ (50 mM), 2.5 µL of Taq PCR buffer (10X), 0.4 µL of each of the primers (10 pM), 0.5 µL of dNTP mix (10 mM), 0.1 µL Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/µL), 2 µL DNA (50 ng), adjusted to 25 µL using ddH2O. For various primers some modifications were applied.

For amplification, the following touch-down PCR program was used: an initial denaturation at 95℃ for 5 minutes, followed by six cycles of 95℃ for 50 seconds (denaturation), 58℃ for 50 seconds in the first cycle with 1℃ reduction per cycle (annealing), and 72℃ for 50 seconds (extension) and 32 cycles of 95℃ for 50 seconds (denaturation), 53℃ for 50 seconds (annealing), 72℃ for 50 seconds (extension) and a final extension at 72℃ for 8 minutes. PCR products were loaded on a 14% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and run at 28 mA for 2-8 hours. Silver staining was performed to visualize the bands on the gel following standard protocols.

Two-point and multi-point logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were calculated by SuperLink ver. 1.6), and SimWalk ver. 2.91 options of EasyLinkage ver. 5.05, respectively [18,19]. STR markers haplotypes were reconstructed by SimWalk and visualized using Haplopainter ver. 029.5 software after linkage analysis [20]. Autosomal recessive (AR) mode of inheritance, complete penetrance, disease-allele frequency of 0.001, existence of no phenocopy, equal allele frequencies for markers and identical meiotic recombination frequencies in both sexes were assumed for LOD score calculations.

Mutation screening of SLC26A4

All 21 exons (including 50-200 bp flanking regions) and promoter of SLC26A4 were amplified using primers designed by Oligo ver. 6.7.1.0 (National Biosciences Inc., Plymouth, MN, USA) (Table 1).

Table 1

SLC26A4 primers for amplification of promoter (P), 21 exons, a 89 bp (7k1) and a 44 bp fragments (7k2) of exon 7

Amplification was performed, with some modifications for each amplicons, in a 50 µL volume of reaction, containing 4 µL of MgCl₂ (50 Mm), 5 µL of Taq PCR buffer (10X), 0.6 µL of each primer (10 pM), 1 µL of dNTP mix (10 mM), 0.2 µL Taq DNA pol (5 U/µL), 4 µL DNA (50 ng), 34.6 of ddH20. PCR was done according to the following program: an initial denaturation at 95℃ for 5 minutes, 36 cycles of 95℃ for 1 minute (denaturation), 61℃ for 1 minute (annealing), 72℃ for 1 minute (extension) and a final extension at 72℃ for 8 minutes. DNA sequencing of the PCR-amplified product was performed bi-directionally on an ABI 3730XL automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Macrogen, Seoul, Korea) using the same primers for amplification.

Pathogenicity investigation of novel variants

Mutation confirmation was done with co-segregation study of the novel variants and their absence in 100 ethnically matched normal control subjects. For investigation of c.881-882delAC variant pathogenicity, a 89 bp fragment of exon 7 harbouring c.881-882delAC location was amplified with primers 7K1F and 7K1R. For studying c.863-864insT pathogenicity, a 44 bp fragment of exon 7, containing the location of this variant, was amplified using 7K2F and 7K2R primers. 7K1 and 7K2 primers were designed by primer3 ver. 0.4.0 (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/) and Oligo ver. 6.7.1.0 (National Biosciences Inc.), respectively (Table 1). PCR amplifications were performed using the conditions mentioned above. Amplification products were run on 14% PAGE at 28 mA for 3 hours. Allelic variant c.881-882delAC is 2 bp shorter than wild type alleles and c.863-864insT is 1bp longer than normal type alleles.

RESULTS

Phenotype evaluation results

Audiological testing results

Audiological characterization of all patients is shown in Fig. 2. Mean PTA of thresholds for air conduction at frequencies 500, 1,000, 2,000 Hz was 97.22±7.09 for part A, 90.83±5.20 for part B, 60±5 for patient VI-1 (right ear) and 95.83±5 for part A, 86.67±5.20 for part B and 46.67±2.89 for patient VI-1 (left ear). The severity of HL for all patients has been shown in Table 2.

Fig. 2

Mean audiometric hearing thresholds for right and left ears of all patients of part A (triangles), patients V-3 and V-5 of part B (squares), and audiogram of both ears of patient VI-1 (circles) of the family Iranian 3.

Table 2

Clinical and genetic evaluation results of all patients of the family Iranian 3

Thyroid phenotype testing results

All patients had multinodular goiter and normal level of T₃, T₄, and TSH hormones (euthyroid goiter), except VI-1, who had a normal size thyroid and normal levels of thyroid hormones (Table 2, Fig. 3)

Fig. 3

Thyroid ultrasonography result of patient V-5 (from family Iranian 3) with multinodular goiter. The arrows show nodules. The view is axial, and ultrasound probe is positioned in the neck region.

CT scan of temporal bone

Vestibular aqueduct enlargement was observed in all the patients assayed for temporal bone in the present study. MD was also detected in three of the patients inspected (Table 2, Fig. 4).

Fig. 4

Computed tomography scan of the temporal bone for patient IV-8 (from family Iranian 3) with bilateral enlarged vestibular aqueduct.

Molecular studies results

Slink calculation, DFNB4 STR marker genotyping and linkage analysis

Slink, two-point and multi-point LOD scores were respectively as follows: 4.90, 5.17, and 6.57 (Fig. 5). LOD score >3 confirmed linkage to DFNB4.

Fig. 5

Multipoint logarithm of odds (LOD) score calculation of the family Iranian 3 with SimWalk ver. 2.91 showed a score of 6.57 confirming linkage to DFNB4 locus.

Mutation screening of SLC26A4 results

Finding of two different homozygous haplotypes in the patients of part A and part B of the pedigree and the simultaneous presence of both haplotypes in patient V1-1 predicted possible compound heterozygosity (Fig. 1), which was later confirmed by DNA sequencing: two novel variants including c.863-864insT (p.Leu-288PhefsX3) and c.881-882delAC (P.His294GlnfsX35) were identified in exon 7 of SLC26A4 (Fig. 6). Homozygous c.863-864insT variant was found in Patients V-3 and V-5, while subjects V-4, V-7, IV-20, IV-19, IV-18, IV-17, IV-13, and IV-10 were heterozygous for this variant. Individuals II-4, III-1, III-2, III-3, IV-1, IV-2, and IV-3 were heterozygous for c.881-882delAC. Patients IV-4, IV-5, IV-8, IV-9, V-1, and V-2 were homozygous for this variant. Compound heterozygosity for both of these variants was revealed in patient VI-1.

Fig. 6

Electropherogram results of two novel SLC26A4 variants in family Iranian 3 and normal alleles. (A) A patient with homozygous c.863-864insT allele. (B) A normal subject without c.863-864insT allele. (C) A patient with homozygous c.881-882delAC allele. (D) A normal subject without c.881-882delAC allele.

Pathogenicity confirmation of novel variants

The variants c.881-882delAC and c.863-864insT were found in a homozygous state in patients of the pedigree but were not detected, or were in heterozygous state, in normal subjects of the family. None of these variants were detected in 100 ethnically matched normal control subjects. With respect to these results and the nature of the two variants (frameshift), we suggest the pathogenicity role of both variants.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, we detected two novel variants (c.863-864insT and c.881-882delAC) in a large consanguineous Iranian family with 9 patients with HL linked to DFNB4 locus. c.863-864insT with a frameshift at codon 288 causes a premature stop at position 290 and c.881-882delAC results in a frameshift at codon 294 and a premature stop at position 328.

There is no definite structure for pendrin but a few models have been predicted for this protein. Based on pendrin structural modeling, predicted by Everett et al. [3] and the model described in Pendred/Bor homepage (http://www.healthcare.edu/labs/pendredandbor/domains.htm), c.863-864insT and c.881-882delAC lead to amino acid changes at intracellular region between the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains of the protein (Fig. 7). Thus, these variants can delete more than half of pendrin and cause a defective protein without a long C terminal segment which probably is not processed to reach the plasma membrane and would not be functional.

Fig. 7

c.863-864insT and c.881-882delAC variants which cause amino acid change at intracellular region (most probably, between the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains) of the pendrin protein in the Everett model.

However, further molecular studies on mRNA expression might be necessary to help gain a more comprehensive understanding of the exact effect of these two novel variants on structure and function of the resulting protein.

In this study, patient VI-1, aged 8 years old, had normal thyroid size and function and a moderate HL. She was compound heterozygous for c.863-864insT and c.881-882delAC. The combined presence of the two variants may lead to a different phenotype from that caused by any single variant alone in the homozygous state. Alternatively, PS-related phenotypes in the patient might be progressive and could be more severe with age. As goiter does not usually manifest until adulthood and even after that, the patient VI-1 may show goiter at an advanced age. Furthermore, according to Scott et al. [21] study, PS and DFNB4 SLC26A4 mutations are different functionally. Mutations, leading to PS are usually associated with no transporting ability, but those accounting for DFNB4 HL may show some residual iodide and chloride transporting function.

However, no obvious relationship has been reported between SLC26A4 mutations and phenotype by some investigators [22, 23]. These contradictory results could suggest that some other modifier genes, epigenetic and environmental factors such as nutritional iodide uptake can influence the clinical manifestations due to SLC26A4 mutations. Other patients in the pedigree had mostly severe to profound HL, and were positive for EVA and euthyroid goiter. These results show c.863-864insT and c.881-882delAC would most probably cause PS with rather similar phenotypic patterns.

It has been suggested that SLC26A4 would play a more considerable role in HI of Asian populations, such as Iranians, than other populations [11-15,24]. Up to now a considerable number of all mutations, which have been detected in Iranian HL patients have been novel [13,25,26]. In the present study, we detected two different novel variants segregating with HL in a large deaf family. Taken together, these different studies probably confirm the high frequency and specificity of SLC26A4 mutations and the critical role of these defects in causing HI in Iranian heterogenous population. Therefore it is beneficial to consider screening of SLC26A4 mutations in molecular diagnostics of HL. Furthermore, Detection of mutations in this gene may have implications for better understanding of the exact structure and function of pendrin as well as designing of comfortable and more cost effective strategies in genetic diagnosis of HI.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank sincerely all members of the family and the staff of Cellular and Molecular Research Center for their assistance in this study. This research was supported by grant no. 953 from Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

References

1. Hilgert N, Smith RJ, Van Camp G. Forty-six genes causing nonsyndromic hearing impairment: which ones should be analyzed in DNA diagnostics? Mutat Res 2009;Mar-Jun. 681(2-3):189–196. 18804553.

2. Bizhanova A, Kopp P. Genetics and phenomics of Pendred syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;6. 322(1-2):83–90. 20298745.

3. Everett LA, Glaser B, Beck JC, Idol JR, Buchs A, Heyman M, et al. Pendred syndrome is caused by mutations in a putative sulphate trans-porter gene (PDS). Nat Genet 1997;12. 17(4):411–422. 9398842.

4. Campbell C, Cucci RA, Prasad S, Green GE, Edeal JB, Galer CE, et al. Pendred syndrome, DFNB4, and PDS/SLC26A4 identification of eight novel mutations and possible genotype-phenotype correlations. Hum Mutat 2001;5. 17(5):403–411. 11317356.

5. Phelps PD, Coffey RA, Trembath RC, Luxon LM, Grossman AB, Britton KE, et al. Radiological malformations of the ear in Pendred syndrome. Clin Radiol 1998;4. 53(4):268–273. 9585042.

6. Denoyelle F, Weil D, Maw MA, Wilcox SA, Lench NJ, Allen-Powell DR, et al. Prelingual deafness: high prevalence of a 30delG mutation in the connexin 26 gene. Hum Mol Genet 1997;11. 6(12):2173–2177. 9336442.

7. Frei K, Ramsebner R, Lucas T, Hamader G, Szuhai K, Weipoltshammer K, et al. GJB2 mutations in hearing impairment: identification of a broad clinical spectrum for improved genetic counseling. Laryngoscope 2005;3. 115(3):461–465. 15744158.

8. Marlin S, Garabédian EN, Roger G, Moatti L, Matha N, Lewin P, et al. Connexin 26 gene mutations in congenitally deaf children: pitfalls for genetic counseling. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;8. 127(8):927–933. 11493200.

9. Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori M, Farhud DD, Patton MA. Familial and sporadic GJB2-related deafness in Iran: review of gene mutations. Iran J Public Health 2007;1. 36(1):1–14.

10. Najmabadi H, Nishimura C, Kahrizi K, Riazalhosseini Y, Malekpour M, Daneshi A, et al. GJB2 mutations: passage through Iran. Am J Med Genet A 2005;3. 133A(2):132–137. 15666300.

11. Anwar S, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM, Tasneem S, Ateeq-ul-Jaleel , Khan SY, et al. SLC26A4 mutation spectrum associated with DFNB4 deaf-ness and Pendred's syndrome in Pakistanis. J Hum Genet 2009;5. 54(5):266–270. 19287372.

12. Park HJ, Shaukat S, Liu XZ, Hahn SH, Naz S, Ghosh M, et al. Origins and frequencies of SLC26A4 (PDS) mutations in east and south Asians: global implications for the epidemiology of deafness. J Med Genet 2003;4. 40(4):242–248. 12676893.

13. Kahrizi K, Mohseni M, Nishimura C, Bazazzadegan N, Fischer SM, Dehghani A, et al. Identification of SLC26A4 gene mutations in Iranian families with hereditary hearing impairment. Eur J Pediatr 2009;6. 168(6):651–653. 18813951.

14. Park HJ, Lee SJ, Jin HS, Lee JO, Go SH, Jang HS, et al. Genetic basis of hearing loss associated with enlarged vestibular aqueducts in Koreans. Clin Genet 2005;2. 67(2):160–165. 15679828.

15. Wang QJ, Zhao YL, Rao SQ, Guo YF, Yuan H, Zong L, et al. A distinct spectrum of SLC26A4 mutations in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct in China. Clin Genet 2007;9. 72(3):245–254. 17718863.

16. Berrettini S, Forli F, Bogazzi F, Neri E, Salvatori L, Casani AP, et al. Large vestibular aqueduct syndrome: audiological, radiological, clinical, and genetic features. Am J Otolaryngol 2005;Nov-Dec. 26(6):363–371. 16275403.

17. Grimberg J, Nawoschik S, Belluscio L, McKee R, Turck A, Eisenberg A. A simple and efficient non-organic procedure for the isolation of genomic DNA from blood. Nucleic Acids Res 1989;10. 17(20):8390. 2813076.

18. Lindner TH, Hoffmann K. easyLINKAGE: a PERL script for easy and automated two-/multi-point linkage analyses. Bioinformatics 2005;2. 21(3):405–407. 15347576.

19. Fishelson M, Geiger D. Optimizing exact genetic linkage computations. J Comput Biol 2004;3. 11(2-3):263–275. 15285892.

20. Thiele H, Nurnberg P. HaploPainter: a tool for drawing pedigrees with complex haplotypes. Bioinformatics 2005;4. 21(8):1730–1732. 15377505.

21. Scott DA, Wang R, Kreman TM, Andrews M, McDonald JM, Bishop JR, et al. Functional differences of the PDS gene product are associated with phenotypic variation in patients with Pendred syndrome and non-syndromic hearing loss (DFNB4). Hum Mol Genet 2000;7. 9(11):1709–1715. 10861298.

22. Pera A, Dossena S, Rodighiero S, Gandia M, Botta G, Meyer G, et al. Functional assessment of allelic variants in the SLC26A4 gene involved in Pendred syndrome and nonsyndromic EVA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;11. 105(47):18608–18613. 19017801.

23. Taylor JP, Metcalfe RA, Watson PF, Weetman AP, Trembath RC. Mutations of the PDS gene, encoding pendrin, are associated with protein mislocalization and loss of iodide efflux: implications for thyroid dysfunction in Pendred syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;4. 87(4):1778–1784. 11932316.

24. Hutchin T, Coy NN, Conlon H, Telford E, Bromelow K, Blaydon D, et al. Assessment of the genetic causes of recessive childhood non-syndromic deafness in the UK: implications for genetic testing. Clin Genet 2005;12. 68(6):506–512. 16283880.

25. Alasti F, Peeters N, Wuyts W, Sanati MH, Van Camp G. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: SLC26A4. Disease: deafness, non-syndromic, autosomal recessive. Hum Genet 2010;1. 127(1):116. 20108392.

26. Tabatabaiefar MA, Alasti F, Peeters N, Wuyts W, Nooridaloii MR, Chaleshtori MH, et al. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: SLC26A4. Disease: Pendred syndrome. Hum Genet 2010;4. 127(4):468–469. 21488234.

Article information Continued

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) :

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funded by : Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences

Award ID : 953