1. De Ridder D, Schlee W, Vanneste S, Londero A, Weisz N, Kleinjung T, et al. Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal). Prog Brain Res. 2021;260:1-25.
2. Vanneste S, van de Heyning P, De Ridder D. The neural network of phantom sound changes over time: a comparison between recentonset and chronic tinnitus patients. Eur J Neurosci. 2011 Sep;34(5):718-31.
4. McCormack A, Edmondson-Jones M, Somerset S, Hall D. A systematic review of the reporting of tinnitus prevalence and severity. Hear Res. 2016 Jul;337:70-9.
5. Gibrin PC, Melo JJ, Marchiori LL. Prevalence of tinnitus complaints and probable association with hearing loss, diabetes mellitus and hypertension in elderly. Codas. 2013;25(2):176-80.
8. Cronlein T, Langguth B, Pregler M, Kreuzer PM, Wetter TC, Schecklmann M. Insomnia in patients with chronic tinnitus: cognitive and emotional distress as moderator variables. J Psychosom Res. 2016 Apr;83:65-8.
9. Asnis GM, Henderson M, Sylvester C, Thomas M, Kiran M, Richard De La G. Insomnia in tinnitus patients: a prospective study finding a significant relationship. Int Tinnitus J. 2021 Jan;24(2):65-9.
15. De Ridder D, Van de Heyning P. The Darwinian plasticity hypothesis for tinnitus and pain. Prog Brain Res. 2007;166:55-60.
16. De Ridder D, Vanneste S. The Bayesian brain in imbalance: medial, lateral and descending pathways in tinnitus and pain: a perspective. Prog Brain Res. 2021;262:309-34.
17. Jeanmonod D, Magnin M, Morel A. Low-threshold calcium spike bursts in the human thalamus: common physiopathology for sensory, motor and limbic positive symptoms. Brain. 1996 Apr;119(Pt 2):363-75.
19. Moller AR. Similarities between severe tinnitus and chronic pain. J Am Acad Audiol. 2000 Mar;11(3):115-24.
20. Moller AR. Similarities between chronic pain and tinnitus. Am J Otol. 1997 Sep;18(5):577-85.
21. Moller AR. Tinnitus and pain. Prog Brain Res. 2007;166:47-53.
23. Tonndorf J. The analogy between tinnitus and pain: a suggestion for a physiological basis of chronic tinnitus. Hear Res. 1987;28(2-3):271-5.
25. Vanneste S, To WT, De Ridder D. Tinnitus and neuropathic pain share a common neural substrate in the form of specific brain connectivity and microstate profiles. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Jan;88:388-400.
26. De Ridder D, De Mulder G, Menovsky T, Sunaert S, Kovacs S. Electrical stimulation of auditory and somatosensory cortices for treatment of tinnitus and pain. Prog Brain Res. 2007;166:377-88.
27. De Ridder D, Moller AR. Similarities between treatments of tinnitus and central pain. In: Moller AR, Langguth B, De Ridder D, Kleinjung T, editors. Textbook of tinnitus. New York (NY): Springer; 2011. p. 753-62.
28. Al-Chalabi M, Reddy V, Gupta S. Neuroanatomy, spinothalamic tract [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 1]. Available from:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939601/.
29. De Ridder D, Adhia D, Vanneste S. The anatomy of pain and suffering in the brain and its clinical implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Nov;130:125-46.
30. De Ridder D, Vanneste S. Burst and tonic spinal cord stimulation: different and common brain mechanisms. Neuromodulation. 2016 Jan;19(1):47-59.
33. Yearwood T, De Ridder D, Yoo HB, Falowski S, Venkatesan L, Ting To W, et al. Comparison of neural activity in chronic pain patients during tonic and burst spinal cord stimulation using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Neuromodulation. 2020 Jan;23(1):56-63.
35. Rainville P, Carrier B, Hofbauer RK, Bushnell CM, Duncan GH. Dissociation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain using hypnotic modulation. Pain. 1999 Aug;82(2):159-71.
36. Menon V. Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011 Oct;15(10):483-506.
38. Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL. The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Mar;1124:1-38.
42. Goulden N, Khusnulina A, Davis NJ, Bracewell RM, Bokde AL, McNulty JP, et al. The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: replication from DCM. Neuroimage. 2014 Oct;99:180-90.
45. Sha Z, Wager TD, Mechelli A, He Y. Common dysfunction of large-scale neurocognitive networks across psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Mar;85(5):379-88.
46. Sha Z, Xia M, Lin Q, Cao M, Tang Y, Xu K, et al. Meta-connectomic analysis reveals commonly disrupted functional architectures in network modules and connectors across brain disorders. Cereb Cortex. 2018 Dec;28(12):4179-94.
48. Boly M, Faymonville ME, Peigneux P, Lambermont B, Damas F, Luxen A, et al. Cerebral processing of auditory and noxious stimuli in severely brain injured patients: differences between VS and MCS. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2005 Jul-Sep;15(3-4):283-9.
49. Boly M, Faymonville ME, Peigneux P, Lambermont B, Damas P, Del Fiore G, et al. Auditory processing in severely brain injured patients: differences between the minimally conscious state and the persistent vegetative state. Arch Neurol. 2004 Feb;61(2):233-8.
50. Boly M, Garrido MI, Gosseries O, Bruno MA, Boveroux P, Schnakers C, et al. Preserved feedforward but impaired top-down processes in the vegetative state. Science. 2011 May;332(6031):858-62.
51. Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Degueldre C, Fiore GD, Damas P, Lambermont B, et al. Auditory processing in the vegetative state. Brain. 2000 Aug;123(Pt 8):1589-601.
52. Laureys S, Perrin F, Faymonville ME, Schnakers C, Boly M, Bartsch V, et al. Cerebral processing in the minimally conscious state. Neurology. 2004 Sep;63(5):916-8.
53. De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Weisz N, Londero A, Schlee W, Elgoyhen AB, et al. An integrative model of auditory phantom perception: tinnitus as a unified percept of interacting separable subnetworks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Jul;44:16-32.
54. De Ridder D, Joos K, Vanneste S. Anterior cingulate implants for tinnitus: report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg. 2016 Apr;124(4):893-901.
55. Vanneste S, Plazier M, der Loo Ev, de Heyning PV, Congedo M, De Ridder D. The neural correlates of tinnitus-related distress. Neuroimage. 2010 Aug;52(2):470-80.
57. Beard AW. Results of leucotomy operations for tinnitus. J Psychosom Res. 1965 Sep;9(1):29-32.
58. Elithorn A. Prefrontal leucotomy in the treatment of tinnitus. Proc R Soc Med. 1953 Oct;46(10):832-3.
60. Smits M, Kovacs S, de Ridder D, Peeters RR, van Hecke P, Sunaert S. Lateralization of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation in the auditory pathway of patients with lateralized tinnitus. Neuroradiology. 2007 Aug;49(8):669-79.
63. Axelsson A, Ringdahl A. Tinnitus: a study of its prevalence and characteristics. Br J Audiol. 1989 Feb;23(1):53-62.
64. Cima RF, Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW. Catastrophizing and fear of tinnitus predict quality of life in patients with chronic tinnitus. Ear Hear. 2011 Sep-Oct;32(5):634-41.
65. Weise C, Hesser H, Andersson G, Nyenhuis N, Zastrutzki S, Kroner-Herwig B, et al. The role of catastrophizing in recent onset tinnitus: its nature and association with tinnitus distress and medical utilization. Int J Audiol. 2013 Mar;52(3):177-88.
66. Hebert S, Lupien SJ. The sound of stress: blunted cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress in tinnitus sufferers. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Jan;411(2):138-42.
67. Hebert S, Lupien SJ. Salivary cortisol levels, subjective stress, and tinnitus intensity in tinnitus sufferers during noise exposure in the laboratory. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009 Jan;212(1):37-44.
68. Hinton DE, Chhean D, Pich V, Hofmann SG, Barlow DH. Tinnitus among Cambodian refugees: relationship to PTSD severity. J Trauma Stress. 2006 Aug;19(4):541-6.
70. Koolhaas JM, Bartolomucci A, Buwalda B, de Boer SF, Flugge G, Korte SM, et al. Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Apr;35(5):1291-301.
72. Russell G, Lightman S. The human stress response. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019 Sep;15(9):525-34.
73. Staufenbiel SM, Penninx BW, Spijker AT, Elzinga BM, van Rossum EF. Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: a systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Aug;38(8):1220-35.
74. Gilam G, Lin T, Fruchter E, Hendler T. Neural indicators of interpersonal anger as cause and consequence of combat training stress symptoms. Psychol Med. 2017 Jul;47(9):1561-72.
78. Bullmore E, Sporns O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 Mar;10(3):186-98.
79. Sporns O, Chialvo DR, Kaiser M, Hilgetag CC. Organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Trends Cogn Sci. 2004 Sep;8(9):418-25.
80. Suarez LE, Markello RD, Betzel RF, Misic B. Linking structure and function in macroscale brain networks. Trends Cogn Sci. 2020 Apr;24(4):302-15.
85. Eggermont JJ. Separate auditory pathways for the induction and maintenance of tinnitus and hyperacusis? Prog Brain Res. 2021;260:101-27.
90. Lanting C, WozAniak A, van Dijk P, Langers DR. Tinnitus- and task-related differences in resting-state networks. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016 Apr;894:175-87.
94. Friston K. The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Feb;11(2):127-38.
95. Friston K. The free-energy principle: a rough guide to the brain. Trends Cogn Sci. 2009 Jul;13(7):293-301.
97. Peters A, Schweiger U, Pellerin L, Hubold C, Oltmanns KM, Conrad M, et al. The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004 Apr;28(2):143-80.
100. Sjostrom L, Schutz Y, Gudinchet F, Hegnell L, Pittet PG, Jequier E. Epinephrine sensitivity with respect to metabolic rate and other variables in women. Am J Physiol. 1983 Nov;245(5 Pt 1):E431-42.
101. Fellows IW, Bennett T, MacDonald IA. The effect of adrenaline upon cardiovascular and metabolic functions in man. Clin Sci (Lond). 1985 Aug;69(2):215-22.
102. Holland-Fischer P, Greisen J, Grofte T, Jensen TS, Hansen PO, Vilstrup H. Increased energy expenditure and glucose oxidation during acute nontraumatic skin pain in humans. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009 Apr;26(4):311-7.
103. Xu Z, Li Y, Wang J, Li J. Effect of postoperative analgesia on energy metabolism and role of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for postoperative pain management after abdominal surgery in adults. Clin J Pain. 2013 Jul;29(7):570-6.
104. Straub RH. The brain and immune system prompt energy shortage in chronic inflammation and ageing. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017 Dec;13(12):743-51.
105. Whitehorn JC, Lundholm H, Gardner GE. The metabolic rate in emotional moods induced by suggestion in hypnosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1930 Jan;86(4):661-6.
106. Schmidt WD, O’Connor PJ, Cochrane JB, Cantwell M. Resting metabolic rate is influenced by anxiety in college men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Feb;80(2):638-42.
107. Mohamad N, Hoare DJ, Hall DA. The consequences of tinnitus and tinnitus severity on cognition: a review of the behavioural evidence. Hear Res. 2016 Feb;332:199-209.
108. Tegg-Quinn S, Bennett RJ, Eikelboom RH, Baguley DM. The impact of tinnitus upon cognition in adults: a systematic review. Int J Audiol. 2016 Oct;55(10):533-40.
109. Vanneste S, Faber M, Langguth B, De Ridder D. The neural correlates of cognitive dysfunction in phantom sounds. Brain Res. 2016 Jul;1642:170-9.
110. Maudoux A, Lefebvre P, Cabay JE, Demertzi A, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Laureys S, et al. Connectivity graph analysis of the auditory resting state network in tinnitus. Brain Res. 2012 Nov;1485:10-21.
112. Shahsavarani S, Schmidt SA, Khan RA, Tai Y, Husain FT. Salience, emotion, and attention: the neural networks underlying tinnitus distress revealed using music and rest. Brain Res. 2021 Mar;1755:147277.
113. Kandeepan S, Maudoux A, Ribeiro de Paula D, Zheng JY, Cabay JE, Gomez F, et al. Tinnitus distress: a paradoxical attention to the sound. J Neurol. 2019 Sep;266(9):2197-207.
115. Amaral AA, Langers DR. Tinnitus-related abnormalities in visual and salience networks during a one-back task with distractors. Hear Res. 2015 Aug;326:15-29.
116. De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Freeman W. The Bayesian brain: phantom percepts resolve sensory uncertainty. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Jul;44:4-15.